The Resident Coordinator of the UN Operational Activities for Development, who is also the Resident Representative for UNDP and the WFP, coordinates the activities of the UN and participating specialised agencies in Malawi. There are FAO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, WHO and World Bank offices with Resident Representatives, while the day to day operations of WFP are directed by its Country Director. In addition, UNAIDS and UNCHR have established offices recently. ILO and UNIDO offices in Lusaka (Zambia) and the UNESCO office in Harare (Zimbabwe) oversee operations of their respective agencies. The IMF and the African Development Bank also have substantial aid programmes.

The European Union maintains a delegation in Malawi to coordinate the substantial amount of aid provided by the EDF. In addition, there are several countries providing bilateral aid, notably the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany, Japan, and the Republic of China (all with resident missions) and Australia, Canada, France, Norway, Sweden and Finland (non residential). Several non-governmental aid organisations (for example, Save the Children, The Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief, World Vision, Plan International, The Christian Service Committee and the Africa Muslim Agency) give assistance to Malawi mainly in the fields of education and health. Religious missions have made significant contributions, particularly in these two sectors, since the initiation of the first Livingstonia Mission in 1875.

The Republic of Malawi is a landlocked country in East Central Africa lying entirely within the tropics. It is 896 kilometres in length and varies in width from 80 to 160 kilometres. The total surface area is 45,747 square miles (118,484 square kilometres) of which more than 9,300 sq. miles (28,000 sq. kms) are taken by Lake Malawi and minor lakes, such as Lakes Chilwa, Malombe and Kazuni. The country is bordered by Mozambique on the east and south-west, by Tanzania on the north and north-east, and by Zambia on the west and north-west. The southern tip of Malawi is 130 kms from the Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean port of Beira in Mozambique is 403 kms by rail from Blantyre, the largest commercial and industrial city of Malawi. Nacala, the other port in Mozambique connected by rail to Malawi, is 502 kms from Blantyre. In addition, transport routes to sea ports are also available through Harare-Durban and the Northern Corridor Dar-es-Salaam. These are much longer but were extensively used when access to Mozambican ports was excluded during the period of the Mozambique civil war.

The country is divided into three major regions: Central, Southern and Northern. The principal cities are as follows:

Lilongwe: (Altitude - 3,500 ft). The main city in the Central Region has been Malawi's capital since January 1975. The population was 234,000 according to the 1987 Census and is currently estimated at 500,000. Lilongwe is centrally located in an agriculturally productive area, lying in the hub of communication arteries, criss-crossed by the north-south and east-west roads as well as the Mchinji-Blantyre railway and the Lilongwe International Airport. The Zambian border is 100 kms from Lilongwe and within easy reach by a modern highway.

Blantyre: (Altitude 3,400 ft). The main city in the Southern Region is Malawi's chief commercial and industrial centre. Founded by missionaries in 1876, it has been associated with tea growing and tobacco processing since 1908. Served by a railhead in Limbe, 8 kms away, Blantyre became a distribution point for the rest of Malawi. Limbe and Blantyre were amalgamated in 1956 and in 1966 Blantyre was granted a City Charter. It is Malawi's most populous city with an estimated population of 750,000 which has increased from 332,000 at the time of the 1987 Census. Blantyre is served by Chileka International Airport and a railway line to the ports of Beira and Nacala in Mozambique. The national road network connects Blantyre to all cities and towns of Malawi. The Mozambican border is 100 kms from Blantyre and the Blantyre-Mwanza-Tete-Harare highway provides easy access to Mozambique, Zimbabwe and on to South Africa.

Zomba: (Altitude 4,900 ft). Lying 70 kms north of Blantyre, this Southern Region city was Malawi's capital from the early days of the former British Administration to 1975. It houses the main campus of the University of Malawi and is also the seat of the national Parliament. Its population, reported at 43,000 in 1987, is currently estimated at 70,000.

Mzuzu: (Altitude 4,200 ft). The biggest urban centre in the Northern Region was founded in 1949. It is the administrative headquarters for the Northern Region and is attracting industry at the newly established industrial site. The population was 77,000 in 1987, and is currently estimated at almost 100,000.

The southern end of the great Rift Valley of Africa reaches into Malawi where, in the northern part, lies Lake Malawi which dominates the geographical character of the country. Formerly called Lake Nyasa, this vast expanse of water is 576 kms long and between 16 and 80 kms wide and covers a total area of 28,000 sq. kms. Lake Malawi is Africa's third and the world's eleventh largest lake. It is one of the deepest lakes in the world, being 2,310 ft deep at its greatest depth near Nkhata Bay. Its surface level is 1,555 ft above sea level. The lake is about 2 million years old. It contains nearly 300 species of fish, 90 per cent of which are unique to the lake. Its only outlet is the Shire River which flows southwards to join the Zambezi River on its journey to the Indian Ocean. Central reaches of the Shire are broken by falls, cataracts and rapids that prevent through navigation to the lake.

West of Lake Malawi are the Viphya and Nyika plateaux in the north reaching to heights of between 6,000 to 8,000 feet and the Kasungu and Lilongwe plains in the centre which are about 3,500 ft high. To the south are the Shire Highlands from which rise Zomba Plateau (7,000 ft) and the Mulanje Massif (9,847 ft) which is the highest mountain in Central Africa. South of the Highlands are the low-lying areas of the lower Shire Valley which are only 120 ft above sea level at the southern most point. The land falls rapidly from the plateau and highland to the lake and river levels in steep escarpment slopes of which the Livingstonia Escarpment in the north is the best known.

The vegetation varies with the rainfall. Much of the country which is not cultivated for maize or tobacco, is covered by brachystegia woodlands, common throughout this part of Africa. Ancient tropical rain forests occur in sheltered valleys of the mountains. The low-lying regions have mixed savannah woodlands, ranging from open grasslands to dense forests. Typical of these regions are the enormous baobab trees, the legendary fever trees, and the tall palm which bear hard vegetable ivory nuts used for carved ornaments. Open savannah grasslands also occur in the plains and plateau areas, while there are still substantial forests of the unique Mulanje cedar in the higher valleys of the Mulanje Massif.

During the rainy season and for a short time afterwards, the highland countryside is lush with green maize, tobacco, high elephant grass, plants and trees. After the rains stop, the land dries quickly and the green disappears except for the evergreen plants and trees, principally mangoes, and the low lying "dambo" (marsh) areas. In September-November, the light red new leaves of the brachystegia, the purple jacarandas and the deep red flamboyants are very impressive.

Climate

Malawi experiences a tropical continental climate with some maritime influences, marked in the dry season when a light drizzle locally known as "Chiperoni" is experienced in the Shire Highlands of Southern Malawi. There are three seasons in Malawi: the dry (August to November), the wet (December to April), and the cool (May to August). Temperatures vary according to season.

The rainy season, during which most of the agricultural produce is grown, extends from December to April thus making the country suitable for supplying off-season fruits, vegetables and flowers to European countries. Rainfall varies according to altitude but in most parts of the country there is sufficient rain for dry-land farming. The wide range in climate enables Malawi to grow both tropical and sub-tropical crops, such as maize, tobacco, groundnuts, cotton, fruits and vegetables.

As the following table of temperature and rainfall averages indicates, there are considerable regional differences in climate:

Town (Region) Rainfall Temperatures (average)

Rain days* Inches Minimum Maximum

Blantyre (Southern) 122 43 17C : 63F 28C : 82F

Zomba (Southern) 155 42 16C : 59F 27C : 81F

Ngabu (Southern) 88 31 20C : 68F 33C : 90F

Mangochi (Southern) 89 32 18C : 64F 30C : 86F

Lilongwe (Central) 92 34 13C : 55F 27C : 81F

Mzuzu (Northern) 117 46 12C : 56F 24C : 75F

Karonga (Northern) 97 46 20C : 68F 29C : 85F

* A rain day is one with a rainfall of more than 0.01 inch.

Daylight hours in Malawi are roughly 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. with some seasonal variation during the year. The dry winter months of the Central and Northern regions from May to August are typified by sunny skies and cool to cold nights, and heating is required in some parts of the country. For example, the absolute minimum reached at Mzuzu is -2^oC and for Lilongwe 1^oC. Temperatures start to increase steadily from September to the end of October (the hottest month) when the humidity gradually increases. The first rains normally break in November and the weather immediately becomes cloudy and cooler and more tolerable with less sunshine and more dampness. The rains continue until April.

People

The last Census which was conducted in 1987 indicated a population of about 8.0 million. Presently the population is estimated at about 11.0 million with a growth rate of 3.2 per cent per annum. A high proportion of the population, about 45 per cent, are under the age of 15 years. More than 80 per cent of the population live in the rural areas. The average population density is 110 persons per square kilometre. The Southern Region is the most densely populated, while the Northern Region is the least densely populated.

The African population of Malawi is composed of many ethnic groupings, the largest being the Chewa, who live mainly in the Southern and Central Regions, the Ngoni and Nyanja in the Central and Northern Regions, the Yao and Lomwe in the South, and the Tumbuka, Tonga and Nkhonde in the North. The majority of the people are "matrilineal", that is, determine descent through their mother. New families often establish house near their mother or relatives of their mother but Malawi is interesting in that it has both matrilineal and patrilineal systems. Polyandry is also practised by some ethnic groupings but is gradually dying out.

The official working language is English, while Chichewa is the national language. Other tribal languages are spoken, of which the main are Yao and Tumbuka. Chichewa uses the Roman script. English is taught at all schools and is fairly widely spoken.

More than 40 per cent of the population are Christians and 30 per cent Muslims. The remaining adhere to traditional beliefs, including ancestor worship. There are churches and missions of many Christian denominations, including Anglican, Baptist, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, the Pentecostals, Assembly of God and Seventh Day Adventists throughout the country. There are mosques in all major towns and in villages along the lake shore. There is a Hindu Temple in Lilongwe and Blantyre, and a Sikh "Gurdwara" in Limbe.

History, politics and administration

Archaeological evidence has been found of early stone age habitations along the lake shore dating back to about 40,000 BC, although the first organised settlements are thought to have taken place in about 8,000 BC, when the Akafula, a hybrid people - part Bushman, part Bantu - who lived from hunting and fishing, moved in from the north. Some 9,000 years later, the first Bantu groups began to appear from the north and west. They were agriculturists and iron-smelters and more warlike than the Akafula. At first the two co-existed peacefully, but in the 16th Century the Akafula were overrun and decimated by the Amaravi from Katanga. The conquerors established their rule over the lake country and over areas of what are today Zambia and Mozambique. The Maravi empire lasted for over two centuries.

However, when in 1859 David Livingstone, the British missionary explorer, first reached Lake Nyasa, as Lake Malawi was then called, the Maravi empire had collapsed under a series of invasions. The Yao, a marauding Zulu tribe from southern Africa, themselves driven by Arab traders from their territory in northern Mozambique, had entered from the north and west inspiring terror by their raids and mass destruction of Amaravi settlements. In the 1840s Arab slave-traders had begun to enter the lake country from Zanzibar and, often assisted by Yao chiefs, captured and enslaved whole communities. This period of violence, fear and atrocity continued until Sultan Mlozi's defeat at Mpata, near Karonga by the British in 1895.

A British protectorate was declared over the Shire country in 1889 and extended over the hinterland and adjoining Lake Nyasa in 1891. In 1907 the country was named the Nyasaland Protectorate, the first Governor was appointed and the first legislative Council inaugurated. In 1953, the territories of Nyasaland, Southern Rhodesia and Northern Rhodesia were incorporated in a Federation.

In 1960, a new constitution was introduced, which provided for the direct election of Africans to the Legislative Council. The Malawi Congress Party, under the leadership of Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda, won the ensuing 1961 elections with an absolute majority, and pressed for the dissolution of the Federation. Self-government became an established fact with Dr. Banda as the first Prime Minister, effective February 1, 1963. The Federation was subsequently dissolved in December 1963 and Independence was formally granted on July 6, 1964.

The country was renamed Malawi which is a modern derivation of Maravi which means "reflected light of bright haze", presumably associated with sunrises over the lake. Malawi became a member of the United Nations Organisation on December 1, 1964. On July 6, 1966, Malawi became a Republic within the Commonwealth with Dr. Banda as its President. In November 1970, Dr. Banda had Parliament declare him as Life President of the Republic. The Malawi Congress Party was then the only political party in the country and Malawi continued as a one-party state until 1994.

In March 1992 a Pastoral Letter issued by Malawi's Catholic bishops in Malawi described the oppressive policies of the dictatorial regime. This initiated a movement for change. Major donors added pressure by suspending non-humanitarian assistance in May 1992. Reluctantly, the Malawi Congress Party Government gave in to demands for a referendum to elicit people's opinion on the continuation of a one-party state or changing to multi-party politics. Other political parties were permitted of which two - the United Democratic Front (UDF) and the Alliance for Democracy (AFORD) - gained prominence. In a referendum, held on June 14, 1993, more than 60 per cent of Malawians voted for ending the one-party system and changing over to multi-partyism.

Subsequent to the Referendum, Malawians went to the polls on May 17, 1994 to elect a new Parliament and a President by universal adult suffrage. The UDF President - Bakili Muluzi - won the Presidential contest and became Malawi's first democratically elected President for a five-year term. Since then the country has proceeded on the road to liberalisation and democratisation under a Constitution which provides for a Presidential system of government and guarantees fundamental human rights including freedom of speech and association.

The Situation Analysis of Poverty in Malawi established that two-thirds of Malawians live below the poverty line, defined as being unable to fulfill one's nutritional requirements and meet essential non-food needs equivalent to US $ 40 per annum. The most vulnerable groups include smallholder farmers with less than one hectare of land, estate workers and tenants, the urban poor, female headed households, disabled persons and children.

Between 1964 and 1979, Malawi registered an impressive average economic growth rate of 6 per cent, well above the 2.9 per cent population growth rate. While estate production increased, smallholder food production failed to keep pace with population growth, and average real wage rates declined. The average growth rate slowed after 1979 due to deteriorating international terms of trade, transport problems arising from the war in Mozambique, the rising cost of oil, and droughts. Manufacturing stagnated, public enterprises began to run heavy loses and the profits from estates fell significantly. Although Malawi experienced economic growth between 1987 and 1991, partly as a result of a series of Structural Adjustment Programmes, the trend was reversed by external shocks, including soaring transport costs and deteriorating terms of trade. Between 1991 and 1995 growth was slowed by drought, the suspension of non-humanitarian donor aid, and the floatation of the national currency. Drought triggered a 7.9 per cent and 12.4 per cent negative growth rate in 1992 and 1994, respectively. Good weather resulted in bumper harvests and an economic growth rate of 10.8 per cent in 1993 and 8.5 per cent in 1995, respectively. Inflation at the end of 1995 was estimated to stand at 75 per cent average per annum, but had come down to 8 per cent by the end of 1996. Growth is expected to settle at a sustainable level of around 5 to 7 per cent between 1997 and 1999, and inflation to remain in single digits.

Malawi's productive capacity is limited and concentrated within a few sectors. Agriculture is the largest economic sector, while the industrial base remains limited and consists mainly of agro-processing industries. The mineral sector is almost non-existent. Tourism has a potential for growth but is underdeveloped.

Agriculture accounts for one-third of GDP, 90 per cent of export earnings, and three-quarters of total employment. In 1995 the principal exports were estimated to be tobacco (64%), sugar (8%), tea (7%) and coffee (4%). The estate sub-sector occupies 850,000 hectares, of which one-third is under cultivation. Their productivity is higher than that of smallholder farmers because they have better access to inputs, technology, credit, and institutional services and benefit from favourable pricing policies. The smallholder sub-sector occupies 1.8 million hectares, over one-half of the households have less than one hectare, and one-quarter less than 0.5 hectare. Only one-third of these farmers use fertiliser, most use less prolific local seed, and productivity among smallholder farmers is generally low. The majority of households are unable to meet their food requirements. Non-farm employment opportunities are extremely limited, and levels of income are low. Currently the non-formal sector employs 85.5 per cent of the labour force, out of which 81 per cent is in smallholder agriculture and only 4.6 per cent in non-agriculture related self-employment. Maize is the dominant subsistence crop and covers 80 per cent of all cultivated land. Irrigated crop production is currently limited to sugar production and a few isolated rice schemes and individual farms although the system of rivers, lakes and groundwater provides good potential for increasing the acreage of irrigated land.

Fishing and fish processing is a major economic activity around the lakes. Fish is a major source of animal protein for the people. Livestock farming is still underdeveloped.

Manufacturing is limited and concentrated within a few sectors. Its overall contribution to GDP is about 14 per cent. It is comprised of primary processing and manufacturing activities. The sector is largely concerned with the processing of agricultural commodities, such as tobacco, tea, maize, sugar, groundnut, cotton, oil seeds, fruit and vegetables. A large plywood processing factory was completed in 1988 in the Viphya forest in the northern part of the country where some charcoal production also takes place. Other industries in Malawi include the manufacture of plastics, textiles and clothing, shoes, agricultural implements, brick and roof tiles, cement, enamelware, soap, beverages, cigarettes, sweets and biscuits, electrical appliances, canned fruits and vegetables, paint, truck and bus bodies and stationery.

Few proven mineral deposits of commercial value have been found. Limestone is quarried for the production of cement. Extensive bauxite deposits on Mulanje Mountain and coal deposits in the northern part of the country have been investigated with a view to their utilisation. Some of the coal deposits have been developed, but the bauxite is not considered economical to exploit at the present time. Investigations are continuing on various mineral deposits including sulphides, phosphates, kyanite, monazite and radio-active ores, glass sands and ceramic clays. The possibility of gas and oil being found under Lake Malawi has been established but no further exploration is currently under way.

Malawi depends entirely on hydro-power for its electricity. Current generation capacity stands at 240 MW per year which is insufficient to meet load growth after the year 2000. Two major hydro-power projects are under way to provide an additional power of 100 MW. Currently, less than 4% of Malawians have access to the electricity grid. For the majority of the population wood is the main source of energy.

At the current population growth rate of 3.2 per cent per annum Malawi's population of 11 million is expected to double by the year 2018. The total fertility rate is 7.1, with contributing factors such as early marriage, early age of first pregnancy, and short birth intervals. The crude birth rate is 42.9 per thousand.

According to the Human Development Report 1997 national literacy stands at 56 per cent (40% for females and 72% for males). Before the introduction of free primary education in 1994, primary school enrolment stood at 53 per cent of children aged 6-15 years. In 1994, the government abolished school fees and the uniform requirement for primary schools. As a result of these and other measures, primary school enrolment increased to 83 per cent by October 1995.

Women are key workers and producers at the household and national levels. They are farmers, income earners, traders and family caretakers. Women represent two-thirds of the full-time farming population. 64 per cent of women are in the labour force, compared to 67 per cent of men. Investments in women's development, access to resources and decision making, including maternal health and child care, family planning services, education, credit, training and skills development have received a relatively small share of attention and resources.

The Government has adopted a Framework for its Poverty Alleviation Programme and a Policy Framework Paper which recognise that the magnitude and severity of poverty in Malawi call for broad reforms across all sectors, including deregulating the economy further, lowering transaction costs for small producers and consumers, re-examining land policies, and reorienting public spending, among other efforts. The two policy documents support programmes and policies with medium- and long-term effect on poverty alleviation by opening access to basic infrastructure and social services, fostering economic stabilisation and growth with equity, and by increasing targeted spending on social sectors. These attempt to address the oligopolistic structure of the economy, which dominates production, distribution, and the financial sector; to widen the tax base and improve the overall efficiency of the tax and customs revenue collection systems; and to ensure discipline in public expenditure. Furthermore, special emphasis is put on the labour market and on creating an enabling environment for a productive trade and industry sector. Finally, to promote balanced development, the inter-relationships between population, environment and development are emphasised through specific environmental and population programmes. Gender inequities are severe and the government has acknowledged this fact and is committed to equalisation of opportunities. However strategies for encouraging such change are not yet clear and the situation of women remains a significant factor in Malawi's development. The Government of Malawi has participated actively in the recent major UN conferences and follow up has or is being developed.

The Malawian society is steeped in tradition and cultural norms and practices are strictly adhered to and exert a strong influence on the day to day life of an average Malawian. Expatriates are expected to respect the cultural norms as well as develop an understanding of the Malawian's disposition.

One of the distinctive features of Malawi culture is the enormous variety of traditional songs and dances that use the drum as the major musical instrument. There are various traditional arts and crafts in wood and ivory. Traditional Practitioners are commonly found in villages. Expatriate doctors should be conscious of the fact that their patients may have been taking local concoctions before and at the same time as coming for consultations.

Malawians are a non-violent people, polite and very respectful of authority. Hence, they are averse to aggressive language and behaviour. Expatriates should keep this in view when dealing with subordinate staff at the office as well as with domestic servants. While English is generally understood in the country, one can easily form a wrong impression of a domestic servant's level of understanding of the language. Therefore, when recruiting domestic help, an expatriate is best advised to call in a Malawian colleague to assist in explaining the terms and conditions of service.

Traditional chiefs and village headmen are highly respected and any activity taking place within their jurisdiction requires their sanction. Hence, whenever one wants to go into a village and interview people or distribute some relief or development material the village headman must be contacted first for approval. Though a mere formality, this approval is very essential.

Family ties are very strong among Malawians. Consequently, one should not be surprised to find that family demands may take precedence over work considerations. Among these, attendance at funerals is of prime importance. Within a short time an expatriate will find that the frequency of colleagues, subordinate staff as well as domestic servants taking leave to attend funerals is so high as to make it appear a fabrication. The "excuse" is always genuine because Malawians are superstitious about giving such an ominous reason for taking leave. Nevertheless, the "closeness" of the deceased may not always necessitate attendance at the funeral and one therefore faces a very delicate task when having to decide on a request for leave to attend a funeral. As to one own's participation in a funeral that depends on the relations with the deceased or with any of the deceased's close relatives. A small cash contribution to the bereaved family is expected with the condolences. Funeral rites are very sacred and must be respected. Cars must stop on one side when a funeral is passing. Branches of green leaves are placed at some distance on all approaches to a house where a funeral is taking place. Cars must slow down as a mark of respect when they come across such leaves on the road.

tTe practice of providing assistance to poor and needy relatives is based on the strong family structure. It becomes easily evident that on the average every employed Malawian provides some support to relatives in an extended family. In their turn colleagues, subordinate staff and domestic servants do not hesitate to seek financial assistance from an expatriate in times of need. Assistance is usually sought in the form of a loan which may not always be repaid on time or in full.

Malawians are hospitable and mix socially with expatriates. Again, traditions are at variance with modern formalities. Hence, a Malawian, except one who has been exposed to western cultures through residence abroad, may bring along a guest or two when invited by you.

As per the current immigration regulations, entry visas are required except for: British subjects being citizen of the United Kingdom and colonies and British protected persons as well as nationals of: Antigua, Australia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Barbuda, Belgium, Botswana, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominica, Fiji, Finland, Gambia, Federal Republic of Germany, Maldive, Malta, Mauritania, Nauru, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Portugal, Samoa (W), San Marino, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Swaziland, Sweden, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, United States of America, Vanuatu, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Nationals of other countries must obtain an entry visa irrespective of whether they are travelling on their national passport or on a United Nations Laissez-Passer. Where there is no Malawi Embassy, the British High Commission or Consulate will assist in obtaining visas. If it is not possible to obtain visas prior to arrival in Malawi, an entry visa may be issued at the port of entry when travelling on a United Nations Laissez-Passer. Since immigration regulations are subject to periodic revisions, it is advisable for intending travellers to confirm whether or not they need an entry visa.

The UN Offices arrange for the required residence permits for UN personnel and their families after their arrival. The Ministry of External Affairs issues diplomatic identity cards to all UN staff assigned to Malawi and to their dependants. Four passport-size photographs are required, two for the identity card and two for a driving license. It is advisable to have extra copies of passport-size photos of each member of the family handy as these are often required for visas and other official documents.

Government clearance must be obtained by all international personnel who wish to visit Malawi for official business. In order to arrange this clearance, the UN Offices concerned should be provided the following information at least six weeks in advance: date and time of arrival, purpose and duration of visit, name, nationality, date and place of birth, educational background, brief curriculum vitae (indicating in particular countries of education and employment), and details of the passport to be used (number, issuing authority, date and place of issue, date of expiry).

The requirements of the Government of Malawi for international vaccination certificates under the World Health Organisation (WHO) International Sanitary Regulations should be checked prior to arrival by consulting home health authorities or the recruiting organisation. The present immunisation requirements for travel to Malawi are as follows:

Cholera and Vaccination required for arrivals

Yellow fever from infected areas

In addition, the following immunisations are recommended:

Typhoid

Tetanus-Diphtheria

Poliomyelitis

Rabies advised for small children

Hepatitis B

Meningitis A+C

Malaria prophylaxis is highly recommended. The WHO recommended prophylaxis for all visitors and residents is daily Paludrine (proguanil) with weekly Chloroquine. However, Mefloquine is believed to offer highest protection. Moreover, annual TB testing for residents is advisable.

Customs regulations

United Nations personnel are entitled to import their household and personal effects free of customs duty within the first six months of arrival. They may also import a car, refrigerator, radio, record-player, tape recorder, electrical appliances, photographic and cinema and video equipment etc. provided these were owned or ordered before arrival. Invoices giving the dates on which orders were placed should therefore be carefully retained to prove, if required, that new goods shipped were ordered before arrival.

Under a concession granted by the Malawi Government, a car may be purchased duty-free locally from bonded stocks within six months of arrival as an alternative to duty-free import. A motorcycle may be similarly be imported or purchased locally duty-free if no car has been imported. Second-hand vehicles can also be purchased duty free from privileged persons. The re-sale of cars imported or bought duty-free is subject to the payment of customs duty and surtax, unless the buyer is himself entitled to duty-free purchase.

Domestic animals are allowed into the country subject to an import permit being obtained prior to arrival. An international staff member wishing to bring a domestic animal to Malawi should send all the relevant details to the UN Offices Lilongwe for obtaining the necessary permit. A rabies certificate must be obtained within 14 days prior to arrival. Quarantine is not required if animals have valid rabies vaccination certificates. All dogs must be registered with the Government.

Non-automatic firearms and ammunition - sporting rifles, shotguns and pistols - may be imported subject to issuance of a Malawi import permit, and preferably an export license from the country of origin. An import permit is required also for ammunition. Firearms and ammunition which arrive without an import permit are liable to be held up at Customs pending processing which could be long drawn. A license must be obtained for all firearms from the Police and renewed every year. The Police should be notified if firearms or ammunition are sold, stolen or exported.

Malawi being a landlocked country qualifies for full surface shipment by airfreight. Direct airfreight to Lilongwe is now possible with the transfer of freight operations to Lilongwe International Airport and it is best to have personal effects shipped direct from the point of departure to Lilongwe. Personnel should contact their respective Agencies with regard to this possibility. If transfers en route are necessary, efforts should be made to route through European airports. In any case, delays in delivery of shipments should be expected.

Goods shipped by air should be in lightweight plywood boxes or strong waterproof cardboard boxes with metal or nylon bindings. However, internal air shipments from Lilongwe to Blantyre must be in small packages as the planes to Blantyre can only take containers smaller than 47" x 43" x 24" (199cm x 109cm x 60cm). There is a reliable and cheaper overnight road freight service from Lilongwe to Blantyre and other parts of the country.

All personal goods should be consigned care of UNDP offices, Lilongwe or, of any other specialised agency representative office. Surface shipments from Europe and the Americas can take up to six months and must be avoided as much as possible. If one has to resort to surface shipments, lift vans or container arrangements should preferably be used, or alternatively, strong wooden crates with metal bindings are advised. The best port of entry would be Durban (South Africa) or Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania) from where the consignment would be transferred to Malawi by road. The efficiency of the goods rail service from the Mozambican port of Nacala to Malawi still leaves much to be desired.

Upon arrival in Malawi all UN project personnel are expected to visit the UNDP Office in Lilongwe for briefing and completion of administrative formalities.

Lilongwe International Airport (LIA), which became operational in November 1983, is well-equipped and is capable of handling wide-bodied jets. Presently, there is only one weekly direct flight between Europe and Malawi: British Airways to London (once a week). KLM in cooperation with Kenia Airways operates three flights a week to Amsterdam via Nairobi. Air Zimbabwe offers two weekly flights to Europe via Harare. Ethiopian Airlines operates two weekly flights to Addis Ababa which connect with flights to several destinations in Europe, Middle East and Asia.

Air Malawi, Kenya Airways, Air Tanzania, Air Zimbabwe and South African Airways operate flights connecting Lilongwe with Dar-es-Salaam, Nairobi, Lusaka, Harare and Johannesburg. Direct flights have recently been introduced connecting Blantyre to Harare and Johannesburg. From Nairobi, Harare and Johannesburg convenient connections are possible to destinations all over the world, including the United States of America, South America, the Far East, Australia and New Zealand.

Taxi service from both airports (Lilongwe and Blantyre) are available and the cost of a journey to the city centre is K150 to K200. Porters are available at the airports and normally expect a tip of K5 per piece of luggage.

All weather roads of surfaces of various quality run from Zambia in the east, Tanzania in the north and Mozambique in the South. While travel during daylight hours is relatively safe, it is not recommended to travel before sunrise or after sunset, both because of driving conditions and lack of security. Immigration and Customs services at land borders do not operate during some hours in the night and, to avoid being stranded, travellers are advised to confirm beforehand the timings at which these services are available. There is a rail link from Lilongwe and Blantyre to Nacala in Mozambique which uses the Balaka-Liwonde-Nayuci sector on the Malawi side crossing into Mozambique at Entre Lagos. At present only goods train services are operational but there are plans to start passenger services.

The following hotels and lodges offer accommodation and dining facilities:

LILONGWE

Capital Hotel

Lilongwe Hotel

Lingadzi Inn

Capital City Motel

Kalikuti Hotel

Sheila's Lodge

The Area 18 Lodge

Mount Soche

Ryalls Hotel

Shire Highlands Hotel

Chilembwe Lodge

Namiwawa Lodge

Ku Chawe Inn

Government Hostel

Club Makokola

Nkopola Lodge

Malangeni Holiday Resort

Sun and Sand

Boadzulu Holiday Resort

Palmgrove

LIWONDE

Kudya Discovery Lodge

Livingstonia Beach Hotel

Kasungu Inn

Mzuzu Hotel

Chenda Hotel

Chitipa Inn

Chinteche Inn

Lodge

Accommodation, especially during long week-ends, Easter and Christmas breaks and long school holidays, should always be booked well in advance.

Prices at main hotels (April 1997)

International rate Resident rate

Single room Double room Single room Double room

Capital Hotel* US$ 152 US$ 199 K 1.239 K 1.512 Lilongwe Hotel* US$ 123 US$ 153 K 865 K 1.102

Mount Soche* US$ 152 US$ 199 K 1.239 K 1.512

Ryalls Hotel ° US$ 91 US$ 108 K 900 K 1.104

Shire Highlands Hotel US$ 75 US$ 90 K 780 ° K 984 °

Ku Chawe Inn* US$ 106 US$ 176 K 825 K 1.240

Club Makokola ° US$ 90 US$ 144 K 1.030 K 1.580

Nkopola Lodge* US$ 93 US$ 153 K 687 K 937

Livingstonia Beach Hotel ° US$ 150 US$ 210 K 1.800 K 2.500

Mzuzu Hotel* US$ 106 US$ 139 K 797 K 1.064

The above rates are inclusive of breakfast, at the Livingstonia dinner is also included. Lunch and dinner cost usually K 150 - K 250 per head. The rates exclude 10 per cent service charge and 10 per cent surtax, unless marked with ° .

When sharing a room with two adults, children under two are allowed free at some hotels while being charged 10 per cent at others. Charges for children over two and under twelve are 50 per cent of the single rate. A service charge of 10 per cent and Government tax of 10 per cent are added to all room rates. Most hotels give a 10-15 per cent discount to United Nations personnel. Exemption of 10 per cent Government tax can also be negotiated at check-in at some hotels, e.g. Livingstonia Beach Hotel. Hotels marked with an asterisk * belong to the Protea Club, membership of which can be obtained for an annual fee of K500 per family. Protea members are entitled to a discount of 20 per cent on accommodation charges at these hotels.

Prices for other tourist hotels, inns and motels range between US$ 30 to US$ 50 for single accommodation and US$ 40 to US$ 60 for double accommodation.

The Government has good rest houses which provide simple and clean accommodation at Mulanje, Zomba, Dedza, Nkhotakota, Kasungu, Mzimba, Mzuzu, Karonga, Rumphi and Nkhata Bay. Except for Mzuzu and Zomba, meals are not provided.

Rest houses are equipped with cooking utensils, crockery, cutlery and refrigerators. Staff at the rest houses will cook provisions brought by visitors. Fees per night are approximately K40 to K60 per person.

Finding reasonable housing can pose problems. The Chairmen of the UN Housing Committee should be contacted regarding Government housing. The Government does assist whenever possible in providing houses for UN staff from the UN housing pool. Houses and flats have been built in Lilongwe, Blantyre and Mzuzu with a loan from UNDP, and these are allocated to UN personnel. Houses and flats are also supplied by the Government in Blantyre and Zomba, but they are not easily available. New arrivals should, therefore, be prepared to spend some time in hotel accommodation. For those with large families it is advisable to come alone at first until proper housing can be found. In addition, private or commercial houses are available for rent. Agencies can be employed in the search for suitable housing such as Russell & Co. in Lilongwe. Rents are quite high and owners often demand twelve months’ rent in advance, sometimes three or six months’. UN personnel are advised to seek advice from the UN Offices before entering into a lease agreement.

Government houses usually have two or three bedrooms, a lounge and dining room (or a combination of the two), one or two bathrooms, a kitchen and a veranda (locally called "khonde"), a garage or car port. The floors are generally cement and require some painting or covering. Most houses are on one acre plots which, with little effort, can be made into attractive gardens, or even into orchards and small vegetable gardens.

Rentals for a Government allocated or UNDP loan house in Lilongwe, Blantyre and Zomba range from K4,000 to K6,000 (US $ 260 - 400) per month. For a one or two bedroom flat, rentals are about K2,000 to K3,000 ( US $ 130 - 200). Commercially leased houses, when available, may range in rent from K12,000 to K20,000 (US $ 800 - 1,300) per month for an unfurnished three to four bedroom house. Furnished accommodation is very rare to find.

Carpeting is available but the choice is limited and it is very expensive. It is advisable that rugs and carpets be sent together with personal effects. It is possible to purchase locally woven reed and grass mats which, though not satisfactory substitutes for carpeting, can still provide floor covering.

Pests (ants, bugs, cockroaches) can be a problem in many houses. Locally available exterminators may need to be called in.

Furniture and Equipment

Government houses, houses constructed with a UNDP loan and apartments used to be supplied with basic government furniture such as beds, mattresses, dressers, chest of drawers, tables, cupboards, writing desks and chairs, lounge and dining-room suites, compact three to four burner electric cookers and hot water cylinders. As old and broken furniture is not being replaced, the availability and quality of furniture is constantly decreasing and therefore it is mostly out-dated. Beds are of tubular steel frame, single style. In most cases lounge and dining-room sets require considerable refurbishing.

Furniture can also be bought locally. There are only three established suppliers of household furniture. Variety is very limited and quality usually leaves much to be desired. Factory-made furniture, including foam mattresses and arm-chairs, is available but expensive. A sofa set costs from K16,000 to K20,000 (US $ 1,000 - 1,300). Wicker and palm chairs and tables are cheap and fairly plentiful. Other locally-made handicrafts include reed mats and carved chairs.

It is advisable to import kitchen and tableware, electrical appliances, linen, a refrigerator, a freezer and an electric or gas cooker as all of these tend to be expensive in Malawi. A refrigerator is essential and a freezer can do much to off-set the effects of seasonal fluctuations and periodic shortages in the supply of fresh foodstuffs. Freezer bags and foil are often not available and new arrivals are advised to bring a supply. An ice chest/cool box is essential for those who live outside the main centres or expect to travel within the country. Plastic storage containers with tight lids as security against ants and humidity are needed at most duty stations. In view of the increasing frequency of power cuts it is advisable to have a generator as well as a back up gas bottle cooker.

Nights are cold during the winter months and expatriates usually find electric heaters and warm blankets necessary. All houses and some flats have wood burning fireplaces. In the summer, air-conditioning is not generally required except in the lowlands in the Shire Valley.

Domestic help is readily available but the quality and reliability varies considerably. Good experienced cooks are rare except possibly in Lilongwe and Blantyre. It is customary for a small family or a single person to employ one domestic servant to do some or all of the cooking, washing and house cleaning chores. A gardener is usually required to maintain gardens and lawns. A cook earns from K600 to K1,200, while a houseboy and a gardener earn on the average K450 and K700. Locating suitable employees is fairly simple and often they are taken over with the house. Once words is out that a position is to be filled, a lot of job seekers will present themselves. It is advisable to check their references and employment records carefully, and send potential employees for a medical check up.

Uniforms are usually provided by the employer. A set of three uniforms for house servants, one white and two khaki (each costing about K500) could last for twelve months. Most houses have servants' quarters within the compound and it is usual for servants to live in these with their families.

Utilities

Apart from some disruptions during the dry season, water supply is regular in the main centres. However, water needs to be boiled and filtered before drinking. Water bills vary between K600 to K1,000 per month (US $ 40 - 65).

Sewerage systems are available in some areas of Lilongwe and Blantyre but most houses use septic tanks, with the City Council being responsible for their maintenance. A new sewerage system is currently being constructed in Lilongwe. Garbage is collected in the main centres only.

The electricity supply is 230/220 volts, 50 cycles AC, single-phase. Three phase at 400 volts is available in the main centres, but few houses are connected. Normal domestic electric fittings use 13-amp fused square three-pin plugs which are available locally. The average monthly electricity bill is in the region of K1,000 for a family. Electricity rates for duty stations (e.g. Nkhata Bay) with only evening and full week-end supplies are presently in the range of K300.

Power cuts have become more and more frequent. Moreover, power supply is subject to frequent voltage fluctuations. Hence, it is advisable to bring stabilisers and surge-protectors to safeguard electronic equipment, as well as a small stand-by generator.

Transport for private use is provided neither by the Government nor the UN projects. In view of the unreliable public transport system and prohibitive car rental charges, a private car is a necessity. UN personnel may import or purchase locally a car duty free within six months of arrival. Used cars are available but usually prices are high. New cars, particularly various models of Toyota, Hyundai, Daewoo and Landrover, are usually in stock at local dealers.

There are no instalment loans available for any reason in Malawi; however, "car advance" loans are granted by some Agencies, for assignments of over two years. One should check with one's Agency to determine if you are entitled. Whether locally purchased or privately imported, a percentage of transportation costs is also reimbursable. If one opts for importing a private vehicle, arrangements can be made with the shippers to have the vehicle delivered directly in Malawi. Alternatively, it may be shipped to Dar-es-Salaam, Beira or Durban and then driven to Malawi. In this case, arrangements should be made to have the car cleared as soon as possible after it is off-loaded at the port. Cars can also be purchased in South Africa or Dubai and transported to Malawi.

Although all standard models are suitable for driving within the cities, cars with higher ground-clearances are recommended for country travel. Four-wheel drive vehicles are essential during the rainy season for up-country trips, if one intends to do much travelling. The most popular field vehicles in Malawi are Mitsubishi Pajero, Toyota Land Cruiser and Landrover Discovery.

Service facilities vary in standard from poor to reasonable. Spare parts and tyres are not always available and it is advisable to order some with the vehicle. As a general guide to maintenance costs, an oil change and grease including labour for a medium-size car cost K700.00 while a 10,000 km service costs K1,500. Supplies of premium, regular petrol and diesel are generally available. Currently the price is K10.00 per litre for premium and regular petrol, K8.50 for diesel.

Until 1994, there were only two commercial banks in Malawi - the National Bank of Malawi and the Commercial Bank of Malawi. Another two, the Finance Bank (Malawi) Limited and the First Merchant Bank have since started operations. Most UN personnel have their accounts with the National Bank of Malawi, in which the UNDP also maintains its local accounts. Normal banking hours are from 8.00 a.m. to 2.00 p.m. on week days only. However, the Finance Bank has introduced afternoon services and is also open for transactions on Saturday mornings.

UN personnel usually open non-resident accounts. Monies from non-resident accounts can easily be converted into foreign currency, though cash is rarely available. However, travellers' cheques are obtainable and remittance by draft or telex transfer is also possible. Local currency deposits, except from other non-resident accounts, are not accepted into a non-resident account but proceeds of the sale of household appliances and car upon completion of assignment can be deposited upon clearance by the Reserve Bank of Malawi.

Following the floatation of the Kwacha in February 1994, the Government allowed the establishment of licensed foreign exchange bureaux. A number of these (locally called "forex" bureaux) are operating in the major cities. These undertake foreign currency transactions, including cashing travellers' cheques. Major hotels and travel agencies also cash travellers' cheques. However, banks and "forex" bureaux do not operate on weekends and hotels will also not always cash travellers' cheques on weekends. Travellers are therefore advised to use the facilities of the National Bank of Malawi branch at the airport upon arrival. The District Commissioner's office can also cash travellers' cheques in districts where there are no banking facilities.

The education system is divided into primary, secondary and higher level, following the British pattern. Primary education in Government assisted schools is free, while nominal fees are charged for secondary education. There are many unassisted schools which are financed by voluntary contributions and missions.

The University of Malawi, which has a total enrolment of approximately 2,000 students, is divided into five constituent colleges: Chancellor College, which is in Zomba, has degree courses for most of the arts and science subjects; the Malawi Polytechnic and the College of Medicine are in Blantyre; and the Bunda College of Agriculture and the Kamuzu College of Nursing are in Lilongwe. Resident expatriates can enrol after obtaining special permission, except at the College of Medicine which as yet does not take non-Malawians.

Children of expatriates, foreign mission personnel and UN personnel usually attend one of the six schools run by a Designated Schools Board which liaises closely with the Ministry of Education. There are four primary schools: Bishop Mackenzie in Lilongwe (450 pupils), St. Andrew's in Blantyre (340 pupils), Hillview in Limbe (170 pupils) and Sir Harry Johnston in Zomba (60 pupils). There are two secondary schools: Bishop Mackenzie in Lilongwe (200 pupils) and St. Andrew's in Blantyre (490 pupils). Boarding facilities for both girls and boys are available only at St. Andrew's for 50 primary and 180 secondary pupils. Classes tend to be small and the standard of teaching is generally high. The majority of the staff in these schools are expatriates and each school has a Parent/Teacher Association. The school calendar follows the three term pattern as in British schools: September-December, January-March, April-July. Kindergartens are available in all major towns.

Bishop Mackenzie International Secondary School (B.M.I.S.S.) currently offers education up to the GCSE/IGCSE examination at the age of fifteen to seventeen (the equivalent of American 10th grade). Starting in September 1998 B.M.I.S.S. will offer a two-year International Baccalaureate Diploma Course. St. Andrew's Secondary School offers `A' level schooling (the equivalent of American 12th grade).

School fees for 1996/97 at the "Designated" Schools are as follows:

Primary school (tuition) US $ 1,500 per term

Primary school (boarding) US $ 700 per term

Secondary school (tuition) US $ 3,000 per term

Secondary school (boarding) US $ 1,000 per term

The fees are subject to increase at any time. Both tuition and boarding charges can be paid in Kwachas (at the exchange rate prevailing on first day of term), but the Schools prefer payment in US dollars or UK sterling.

Secondary schooling leading to both `O' and `A' levels is also offered by the Kamuzu Academy in Kasungu, about 100 kilometres north of Lilongwe. Fees per term (including boarding charges) are approximately the same as those at St. Andrew's.

In addition to the above institutions, the Lilongwe Private School offers primary and secondary level teaching leading to the `O' level. The Central High School in Blantyre offers both `O' and `A' level schooling. Tuition fees at these schools are substantially lower than at the "Designated" Schools and the Kamuzu Academy.

UN personnel wishing to bring their children to Malawi are advised to contact the UN Offices in Lilongwe as early as possible for further information about the school facilities and for assistance to secure a place at one of the schools and, if required, boarding accommodation.

Health

Health conditions in Malawi are among the poorest in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria is endemic to the country. The most common is cerebral malaria caused by the plasmodium falciparum. Vivex and oval have also been reported. Malaria prophylaxis must be taken regularly (beginning two weeks before arrival). Since no prophylactic drugs can offer total protection, other measures to protect against mosquito bites are advised. These include: remaining within well-screened accommodation particularly after sun-down, enclosing the bed with mosquito nets while sleeping, and use of mosquito repellents in the evenings. The first line of treatment is "Fansidar" though doctors are showing an increased preference for "Halfan". Cases of fansidar resistant and quinine resistant malaria are on the increase. It is advisable to consult a doctor as soon as one feels unwell, particularly if feverish.

The incidence of bilharzia (schistosomiasis) contamination in the southern half of Lake Malawi as well as in the rivers is very high. Swimming or any physical contact with the lake and rivers should be avoided. The lakeshore beaches (apart from those exclusive to popular hotels) are undeveloped and leave much to be desired by way of hygiene. Quite a number of cases of rabies occur among dogs. Though there are some Government controls in urban areas, stray dogs are a common sight on the lake shore beaches.

Dysentery and typhoid fever outbreaks also occur. Diarrhoea is a common symptom, but most cases are non-infectious, self-limiting, and arise as a result of climatic changes or food irregularities. Cholera rarely occurs, though there have been reported out-breaks. Boiling and filtering of water as well as thorough cleansing of fruits and vegetables are required. Measles can be serious, particularly among children. Precaution against Hepatitis A and meningitis is also highly advisable.

Malawi has one of the highest incidence of HIV/AIDS. As of 31 December 1996, 47,270 cases of HIV/AIDS were officially reported. According to the most recent estimates, about 10 to 15 per cent of the population is HIV positive. HIV prevalence is much higher in urban areas and some surveys have indicated prevalence rates of over 30 per cent amongst antenatal women in Blantyre. The AIDS pandemic explains the high levels of morbidity among Malawians. Taking the normally recommended precautions, including those to be taken when assisting a bleeding person, must never be overlooked.

Medical facilities are extremely inadequate. There are only a few qualified physicians and specialists, and hospitals fall far short of even minimum international standards. There is no referral hospital in the Northern Region while the Lilongwe Central Hospital in Lilongwe and the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Blantyre are insufficiently equipped and inadequately staffed. Basic facilities - X-rays and EKG - are sparsely available in the country while the more advanced facilities, such as the CT scan, are non-existent. There is a UN Clinic in Lilongwe staffed by a qualified UNV doctor, a nurse and taboratory technician. Basic medical care, laboratory services and most essential drugs are available at the Clinic to UN personnel and their recognised dependants free of charge. However, for cases of serious illness or injury, UN arranges to evacuate any UN staff/dependant to authorised treatment centres mostly in South Africa or Zimbabwe. This is done upon advice of the UN doctor and necessary authorisations from employing Agencies.

There are a few reliable dentists in Lilongwe, Blantyre, Zomba and Mzuzu. There are opticians in Lilongwe and Blantyre. Prescriptions for glasses can be made up in-country. However, local suppliers have to arrange dental appliances and contact lenses from abroad. These can be subject to long delays and it is recommended to bring extra pairs of prescription glasses and/or contact lenses and lens care products.

The availability of drugs and medical supplies is extremely limited. Pharmacies are stocked with drugs manufactured mostly in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Stocks of drugs imported from little-known Indian pharmaceutical manufacturers have been on the increase. It is rare to come across any drug of European or North American origin. It is advisable to bring a supply of general antibiotics and patent drugs, particularly any paediatric medications which your children are used to. Anyone on specific medication should bring an initial supply of their needs and remember to replenish well in time.

The law and order situation, though far better than in neighbouring countries, has been deteriorating and incidents of armed burglaries have increased during the past two years. There are three types of residential security measures and devices available to UN personnel:

1. New arrivals are advised to ensure that the house they intend to occupy is fitted with proper security/burglar window and door bars. Once during their tenure in Malawi, UN personnel can claim reimbursement for the installation of security bars of 80 per cent up to a maximum of US $ 1,000 (maximum net reimbursement = US $ 800).

2. It is recommend that high security alarms, designed to go off in case of a break-in, be fitted to main entrances. Some security organisations also provide a "rapid response" service, costing K750 to K1,000 per month, whereby a guard squad would arrive within minutes of pressing an alarm button. The UN reimburses 80 per cent of the rental charges for a security alarm system up to a maximum of US $ 200 (maximum monthly net reimbursement = US $ 160). Alternatively, up to US $ 2,000 will be reimbursed for the purchase of an alarm system. In the latter case 10 per cent annual rental has to be paid to the UN.

3. All expatriates employ at least one night watchman and many keep watch dogs. There are five reliable national security organisations in the main centres from which guards can be hired at a monthly cost of K1,500 per 12-hour shift. It is also possible to employ a guard directly for K500 to K600 per month. The UN reimburses 80 per cent of the costs of employing one security guard up to a maximum of US $ 300 (maximum monthly net reimbursement = US $ 240).

Rechargeable lights are highly recommended in view of frequent power cuts.

The UN in Malawi operates a UN security network. Security wardens are appointed for the various residential areas which are responsible for regular contact on security issues with UN personnel in their respective areas and updates on security incidents.

The UN operates a security radio systems to be used in case of emergencies. Weekly radio checks are carried out. Radios are issued to most international staff and all security wardens. Efforts are currently underway to improve and enlarge the radio network.

A security briefing package is distributed by the UN Security Committee upon arrival of all new UN staff, and should be completed and returned to the UN. Car crimes, specifically thefts, are on the increase. Cars should be fitted with alarms and anti-hijack systems. Further specific advice is included in the security briefing package.

It is advisable to have an insurance cover against break-ins and theft. There are local insurance companies which however do not take into account inflation or replacement value and assess claims on the basis of original cost less depreciation. UN personnel may be able to obtain better deals from insurance companies in their home countries. A personal insurance scheme (Worldwide Group Personal Property Insurance Plan for specialised agencies and organisations of the United Nations System) through the Herbert L. Jameson & Company of New York is available at a reasonably low cost to international personnel. Information on this plan is available at Agency Headquarters, or can be obtained from the UNDP office on arrival.

Any further questions regarding security matters should be addressed to the Chairman or Secretary of the Security Committee or the UN Field Security Adviser.

Social Life and entertainment

Malawians are a friendly and hospitable people and make all newcomers and visitors feel welcome. UN advisors, international personnel, staff and all personnel of diplomatic missions, expatriate staff employed by Government and private businesses entertain each other at dinner parties, buffet dances, cocktails etc. Bridge enthusiasts will find plenty of opportunities for their pastime.

There is an International Women's Association in Lilongwe. It is open to the spouses of UN personnel It meets monthly for talks, demonstration films etc. and groups within the Association often organise morning and afternoon tea functions and fund raising events for charity.

Blantyre, Lilongwe, Zomba and Mzuzu have well-established clubs with reasonable sports facilities, mainly tennis, golf and swimming. Weekly films, shows and occasional social events are also organised. The clubs are not residential. The Capital Hotel in Lilongwe operates a swimming and squash club with a limited membership.

There are also active rifle clubs in Lilongwe and Blantyre. In Lilongwe, music and drama clubs have regular performances by members. The Agricultural Society and the Wildlife Society organise nature hikes and garden competitions.

There are no decent night clubs in Malawi but the major hotels organise shows by visiting singers, musicians and dancers. In Lilongwe Hollywood and Bamboo are well frequented discotheques. Local dance bands also perform regularly at the hotels and sports clubs for dancing while there are a few restaurants in Lilongwe and Blantyre with dance floors and taped music. Balls are organised mostly for charity. Local dance groups, such as the Kwacha Troupe, give performances. Bazaars, fairs and casinos are also regularly organised for charity by various local organisations some of which are part of worldwide men's organisations, such as the Lions Club and the Rotary Club.

There are numerous taverns, called "bottle stores" in Malawi which mostly serve the Chibuku and Napolo Ukana beers which are made by fermenting maize and millet.

The cultural officers of the larger diplomatic missions occasionally arrange concerts by visiting and local artists, as well as exhibitions of paintings, batiks and sculpture work in wood and soapstone. The French Cultural Centre, British Council and the United States Information Service have lending libraries and also have regular film and video shows.

Radio Malawi has several programmes in English but a powerful short-wave receiver should be imported for international news programmes. Record players and cassette decks should be brought along for home entertainment. Malawi has no television station though there are plans to establish one shortly. However, there are a number of companies which install satellite dishes capable of receiving programmes from South Africa, CNN, BBC World Service and several other stations. Satellite systems are available at the price of K34,000 including installation (US $ 2,240), but duty free importation of the equipment and installation costs only about K25,000 (US $ 1,640). The yearly programme subscription fee amounts to US $ 560. Moreover, there are several video shops at which a wide range of video films are available for rent at rates ranging from K10 to K20.

Football (soccer) is very popular in Malawi and matches between top local teams and international matches are most entertaining.

Facilities for swimming, golf, volleyball, tennis, squash, football, rugby, cricket and hockey are available in Blantyre, Lilongwe, Mzuzu and Zomba where there are sports clubs, though ill-equipped. Picnics to beach resorts are enjoyable and wind surfing is also done on Lake Malawi. However, swimming in southern Lake Malawi is no longer advisable due to the increasing bilharzia contamination. There are small yacht clubs on the municipal reservoirs of Blantyre and Lilongwe where a photographic club has recently been established. Trout fishing is good in the streams of Zomba, Mulanje and Nyika plateau. A satisfactory range of equipment for the above sports is available in Blantyre and Lilongwe but prices are very high.

Lake Malawi has a wide range of fish species. Some of the more colourful fish are exported to tropical aquaria in Europe and North America. Snorkelling and Scuba diving are becoming popular pastimes but one should bring one's equipment as suitable equipment is not always available in Malawi. There are various Scuba diving schools offering training courses at beginner and advanced level.

Bird life is exceptionally good and several species which are rare in other parts of Africa can be seen in Malawi. Illustrated books on birds found in Malawi and neighbouring countries are available locally. Most East African big game species can be found in small numbers in Malawi, although they are becoming increasingly rare even within the seven national parks and game reserves. There is no big game hunting in Malawi, but duck and guinea fowl shooting is good. The Wild Life Department occasionally kills troublesome lions and leopards outside the game parks and the skins can sometimes be purchased.

Mountain climbing is popular, particularly on Mt. Mulanje, which has five forestry department huts. These have equipment which belong to the Mulanje Mountain Club, but unless visitors are accompanied by a member of the Club, this equipment cannot be used. Membership forms and circulars of activities can be obtained from the Secretary of the Mulanje Mountain Club, P.O. Box 240, Blantyre. The huts can be booked through the Assistant Conservator of Forests, Likabula, who will also arrange for guides and porters, if required. There is, in addition, a well-equipped forestry guest cottage on Chamber Plateau which is sometimes available. Good one-day climbs are possible from Lilongwe, mainly in the Dedza area, and the nature trail walks in the forests on Zomba Plateau are a refreshing change. Lilongwe has an interesting nature sanctuary where a variety of native flora and fauna may be studied.

People interested in hunting for antiques and objects of old art and culture will have little or no success in Malawi. The sale of ivory tusks is Government controlled but carvings in ivory and ebony and wood can be purchased.

Other outdoor pastimes in Malawi are gardening and painting. Flowers, shrubs, trees and lawns grow quickly in Malawi especially during the rainy season. Garden supplies are plentiful and nurseries sell seeds and plants at reasonable prices. Gardening equipment and tools are in short supply and expensive. A power rotary lawn mower and spare parts would be useful to bring along.

Repair facilities are of poor quality and unreliable, while spare parts availability poses serious problems. Equipment brought in should be in good order. All sorts of hand tools for small household/car/equipment maintenance must also be brought in as these are either unavailable or expensive. Rechargeable emergency lights are highly recommended in view of the increasing frequency of power cuts.

Electronic equipment, including radios, are very expensive with limited selection. Toys, games, and sports equipment are relatively scarce and of poor quality or very expensive. Availability of photographic supplies is irregular and film available locally must be checked for expiry date.

Paints and canvasses are available but are expensive compared with European and US prices. Hobbycraft equipment is normally not available. UN personnel and their families with specialised hobbies should bring their own supplies. Macrame work is popular but the jute material is often not available. Knitting materials are available in Blantyre and Lilongwe but good quality brands cannot be bought.

Employment opportunities suitable for spouses of UN staff arise, now and then, in international organisations, diplomatic missions, educational institutions, hospitals as well as non-governmental organisations (NGOs) particularly those involved in welfare activities. Though preference is understandably given to Malawian candidates, nationals with appropriate qualifications are not always easy to find. Secretarial, nursing or teaching vacancies are not difficult to come by, and spouses with advanced professional qualifications can also at times obtain short or medium term assignments with international organisations. It is easier to find a job in Lilongwe, Blantyre or Zomba than at other duty stations. Apart for employment in international organisations and diplomatic missions, work permits are required but not difficult to obtain particularly where the employer can confirm that it is being unable to recruit a suitably qualified Malawian.

Though the UNDP Office cannot give an assurance of finding employment for spouses of UN staff, it is willing to assist spouses in obtaining employment by providing information on appropriate vacancies. The Spouse Employment Coordinator maintains a roster of spouses seeking employment and circulates particulars of available candidates to the most likely employers. UN personnel assigned to Malawi whose spouses wish to be assisted in obtaining employment during their stay in Malawi, are advised to send relevant particulars by filling and returning the form appended at the end of this Post Report.

Staples such as flour, sugar, salt and oil are available locally, though shortages do occur at times. Imported supplies of these items are rare and very expensive. Meat, poultry, eggs, vegetables and fruits are usually available but subject to seasonal fluctuations. Occasionally, shortages of chicken, eggs or milk occur. Good quality fish from Lake Malawi, including chambo (a variety of tilapia) is available except during October-March when fishing restrictions apply. Prices vary from reasonable to expensive.

Pasteurised reconstituted milk is available in the main towns. Fresh milk may be obtained from some farms on the outskirts of the major towns. Other dairy products including butter, fresh cream, cheese and yoghurt are available, but periodic shortages occur. Imported varieties of these products, though available at times, are expensive. For example, a kilogram of butter or a litre of fresh cream costs over K 100 (US $7). Limited varieties of canned foods, including fruit juices and baby products and convenience foods (cake mixes, prepared foods etc.) are available but are expensive.

Locally grown vegetables and fruits are available and generally good quality. The following fruits are grown locally: citrus fruit (oranges, tangerines, lemons, grapefruit), paw-paws, mangoes, berries, bananas, avocado pears, pineapples, guavas, grenadillas, passion fruit, and strawberries. Pears, grapes, apples and peaches, imported from South Africa and Zimbabwe are also available in supermarkets at very high prices. A selection of vegetables can be obtained from the local markets, depending on the season. Most expatriates find it necessary to have a freezer for stocking supplies of vegetables, meat and fish, when they are available.

All cities, towns and some major villages are served by branches of two indigenous supermarket chains (PTC and Kandodo), which stock varieties of locally manufactured canned food and leading brands of bottled soft drinks, as well as staples. Outlets in the major towns also stock a limited variety of imported food items. Imported wines, though available, are relatively expensive. Locally produced gin, brandy and vodka are cheaper than imported brands and are good. Carlsberg has a brewery in Blantyre which produces four types of lager. Cigarettes are manufactured locally but cigars are not.

Most hotels have acceptable dining facilities for non-residents. In addition, there are several good restaurants. In Lilongwe, the most popular are: The Causerie (Continental), The Blue Tomato (Italian), The Huts (Indian), The Golden Dragon (Chinese), Korea Gardens and The Koreana (Korean). Other restaurants include The Gazeebo and Modi's (Indian). In Blantyre, expatriates usually visit The Hong Kong (Chinese), The Royal Taj (Indian), The Hostaria (Italian), Maxim's, The Golden Egg, Greens and the Melting Pot. Dinner in all these will range between K175-K250 per head, without drinks. The fast food chain Southern Fried has a branch each in Lilongwe and Blantyre.

Clothing

A limited selection of imported clothing is available at high prices. Locally made tropical shirts and suits are available at reasonable prices, but quality is poor. The choice of footwear is also very limited. Choice of dress fabric and materials is limited. While there are many tailors, a good one is hard to come by. You should, therefore, bring a good supply of casual, tropical outdoor use gear for all members of your family. Summer and winter pyjamas, slippers, raincoats and umbrellas should also be brought in.

Men wear suits or jackets and ties in offices and for most formal occasions. Medium-weight suits are worn in the winter months (May through August) and light-weight suits are worn during the summer (September through April). Dark suits, and very rarely, dinner jackets are worn for formal occasions. Importance is attached to correct dress and regulations must be adhered to.

Women will require sweaters, skirts and casual suits. Cotton dresses and skirts are suitable for most occasions, including work. Slacks are also comfortable for casual wear. In summer, washable cotton dresses and skirts and T-shirts are practical for the day time. Synthetics can be worn comfortably except on the few hottest summer days. Sweaters and woollen dresses or suits are required during the cooler months. The much-publicised dress code of Malawi, which banned women from wearing short dresses and skirts as well as trousers, was scrapped with the change in government in 1994.

Dresses in summer and warm clothing with pullovers in winter are required for girls. Boys will require light T-shirts and shorts for day time wear with warmer clothing for the evening. Full sleeve shirts and trousers are preferable in evenings to minimise exposure to mosquito bites. Bishop Mackenzie School's uniform for junior school girls is a blue check dress, white socks and black shoes. For senior school girls the uniform is a white top and blue skirt, white socks and black shoes. For boys the uniform is grey shorts/trousers, blue shirt, grey socks and black shoes. For physical education, pupils are required to wear white. School uniforms are available locally, but you are advised to bring the required black shoes as well as sports shoes for physical education.

Availability of linen, blankets etc. is severely limited. Bring an adequate supply of bedsheets and towels. Since houses can get quite cold during the winter months, it is recommended that you bring blankets, as well as warm sleeping and lounging clothing.

Laundry is usually done at home by domestic help but expatriates have a washing machine. Dry-cleaning facilities exist in Lilongwe and Blantyre but are of doubtful efficacy. Expatriates mostly prefer to wait for a trip abroad to take with them their expensive clothing for dry-cleaning. Shoe repairers, hairdressers and beauty parlours of varying standards exist in the main towns.

Air Malawi operates regular flights between Lilongwe and Blantyre and Lilongwe and Mzuzu. It also operates week-end flights from Lilongwe and Blantyre to Club Makokola (in Mangochi) depending on availability of passengers.

Goods and passenger rail services operate from Nsanje in the south to Lilongwe and Mchinji on the Zambia-Malawi border in the Central Region. Goods rail services are also available from Lilongwe and Blantyre to the port of Nacala in Mozambique, and there are plans to revive passenger services. Two lake steamers, the ILALA, which carries cargo and passengers, and the MTENDERE, which carries only passengers, operate services to lake towns and villages and connect with railways at the port of Chipoka. Passengers can join at any of the lake ports. The steamers are still the only link with several northern lakeside areas and with Likoma Island and Chizumulu Islands which are surrounded by Mozambique lake-waters.

The highway system in Malawi consists of about 2,660 kilometres of bitumen, 330 kilometres of gravel and 9,200 kilometres of dirt roads. A two lane asphalt highway connects north and south, from Karonga to Blantyre. Some of the dirt roads are at times impassable during the rainy season. Highways, as well as roads within towns and cities, are currently in need of maintenance.

There is a coach service - the Coachline - operating three times daily between Lilongwe and Blantyre and the fare for a single journey is K245. There is a daily Coachline service between Lilongwe and Mzuzu and the single fare is K275. Bus services connect all main towns and conditions of travel are reasonable. There are also bus services of varying standard within the cities. Taxis are available in Blantyre, Lilongwe, Mzuzu and Zomba. As most taxis do not have metres, charges per kilometre vary from K15 during the day to K40 during the night depending on the customer's bargaining power.

There are a number of car rental companies in the main towns providing self-drive hire but charges are very high. Examples of current typical rates are given below:

Vehicle Daily hire Per km Insurance per day

5-seater saloon

air-conditioned K650.00 K6.50 K85.00

15-seater mini bus K750.00 K7.50 K95.00

4WD 6 seater K990.00 K15.00 K150.00

26-seater minibus K995.00 K15.50 K185.00

A driver would cost K80.00 per day, K100.00 per night away from duty station, and overtime at K12.50 per hour (that is, on weekends and public holidays). A surtax of 10 per cent is levied on total charges but can be waived upon submission of an ST 14 form duly stamped by the Department of Customs and Excise.

Vacation Trips: in-country

Four of Malawi's seven national parks and game reserves are open to visitors. One should plan trips at the right time to take advantage of good visibility periods and the seasonal movements of game.

Lengwe National Park in the south mainly consists of thick shrub with limited game viewing facilities except at water holes. The most common animal in this reserve is the Nyala - a shy forest antelope. Accommodation facilities at Lengwe are fairly basic and very limited. Visitors must bring their own food which is cooked by the resident kitchen staff. Refrigerators are provided in some rooms. Accommodation can be booked at the National Parks booking office in Lilongwe.

At the Kasungu National Park, buffalo, elephant, zebra, hippopotamus, kudu, sable and roan antelopes together with others may be seen during trips over many roads in the park. During the rainy season some of the roads may be closed. The Lifupa Wildlife Lodge has good accommodation facilities and meals are provided. However, prices are high since it has been renovated. The Lifupa Camp offers simpler accommodation and self-catering facilities at reasonable prices. Bookings can be made at the Lifupa Lodge office in the Capital Hotel.

Nyika National Park in the north of Malawi is, with its unique high rolling highlands, well worth a visit despite the long and, sometimes, rough journey. The best time to visit is after the rainy season when visibility is good. Accommodation is available at Chelinda Camp, but visitors are required to take their own food. Walking is permitted in the Nyika and the main animals to be seen are reed buck (in vast numbers), roan antelope, mountain zebra and grey duiker. Though seldom sighted, leopards are reportedly also very common in Nyika. There is good trout fishing in the dams and streams within the Park. Accommodation can be booked through the National Parks booking office in Lilongwe.

Liwonde National Park in the Southern Region has recently been opened to visitors during the dry season. It is advisable not to take very young children because of the irritation caused by Tsetse flies. The Park consists mainly of bush through which the Shire River flows. Elephant, hippopotamus, kudu, sable etc. can be seen. A boat trip down the Shire River is available from Kudya Discovery Lodge. The Lodge has good accommodation facilities and meals are provided. Mvuu Lodge and Camp, which are privately owned, provide good boarding and lodging. Reservations can be made at Central African Wilderness Safaris in Lilongwe.

Vacations can also be spent on Mulanje Mountain or in the forests on Zomba Plateau where the Ku Chawe Inn offers good accommodation.

The 615 ton passenger lake steamer, the ILALA, makes weekly return journeys from Monkey Bay (in the Southern Region) to Karonga (in the Northern Region), calling at lakeside ports. First class cabin facilities for 10 people are available, but these must be booked well in advance through Malawi Railway Limited. The vessel can carry only one car. Another vessel operating on the Lake, the MTENDERE, has no cabin facilities and provides a passenger service only to all the facilities, towns and villages along the lakeshore on the Monkey Bay-Karonga route.

The Lake Malawi shore offers plenty of opportunity to relax in beautiful surroundings. Club Makokola and Nkopola Lodge near Mangochi, and Livingstonia Beach Hotel in Senga Bay are Malawi’s most luxurious beach resorts. On the lake shore between Nkhotakota and Chinteche, as well as at Nkhata Bay, Cape Maclear and Monkey Bay are various camping places and small beach resorts, most of which offer simpler accommodation.

Some of the main historic sites are those connected with early mission activities, particularly in the Shire Highlands and along the lake shore and Cape Maclear, Likoma Island and Bandawe. Likoma Island can be reached by the lake steamers and its main attraction is a large and beautiful cathedral. The Mua Mission, located in Central Malawi, is well known for its wood carvings which are produced by local artists and sold in a shop operated by an artist cooperative. Attached to the mission is a museum depicting Malawian culture and history. It includes an impressive collection of about 600 traditional wooden masks. The Livingstonia Mission in northern Malawi, supposedly the most scenic place in all of Malawi, is situated overlooking Lake Malawi.

Blantyre has a national museum with well exhibited displays. There is also a small museum in Mangochi with interesting lake shipping relics.

Nkhotakota on the lake shore is said to be the largest traditional village in Southern Africa and in the last century was one of the main slaving centres in the lake region.

Rockpaintings can be seen at sites throughout Malawi. For example in the Chongoni Forest Reserve 10 kms north of Dedza are five rock shelters all of which house prehistoric rock paintings.

Further detailed information on where to go both on the shores of the lake and beyond can be found in the guide books listed under reading material.

Being assigned in Malawi provides an excellent opportunity to visit world famous holiday resorts and game reserves in neighbouring countries. The Luangwa National Park in Zambia is a comfortable five hours drive from Lilongwe. Trips to The Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe; Serengeti game reserve, the Ngorongoro crater and Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania; and the Masai Mara game reserve in Kenya can be arranged. It is also possible to drive to the neighbouring countries. Trips to Mauritius, South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana, Swaziland, Namibia, Zanzibar and the Seychelles are also popular. Central African Wilderness Safaris in Lilongwe is a good source of information. They organise safari trips to most southern African countries and also will arrange for camp and lodge reservations in various national parks, such as South Luangwa.

National and Public Holidays

The UN Personnel serving in Malawi observe the following nine (9*) national and public holidays in 1997:

1. New Year's Day* 1 January

2. Chilembwe Day 15 January

3. Martyr's Day* 3 March

4. Good Friday* 5 April (subject to annual change)

5. Easter Monday* 8 April (subject to annual change)

6. Labour Day* 1 May

7. Freedom Day 14 June

8. Republic Day* 6 July

9. Mother's Day* 2nd Monday of October

10. Christmas Day* 25 December

11. Boxing Day* 26 December

If a national holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday is declared a holiday.

Mail Services

Airmail from the United Kingdom normally takes 4 to 9 days, while airmail from other countries in Europe, USA, Canada, Asia, Japan, Australia and New Zealand can take up to three weeks. Letters and parcels sent by surface mail can easily take up to six months to arrive. Mail from within Africa, including neighbouring countries, can be subject to extraordinary delays of up to six weeks. There is no house-to-house mail delivery and post is distributed through the Post Office Bag system. Most UN Offices have their own Post Office Boxes which are generally used by UN personnel. Some experts prefer to use the postal address of the Government office to which they are attached. The UNDP also has a Private Bag Number 30135.

The Post Office also has an Express Mail service to main cities within the country and to countries all over the world. The costs are very high but the service is quick and reliable. The DHL courier service is also available and gives a discount to UN personnel.

The UNDP Office maintains a weekly pouch service between Lilongwe and New York/Geneva for official correspondence and documents. The following is the present pouch schedule: Mail to Geneva and New York, Friday noon; mail from New York Monday, from Geneva Wednesday. Private mail (including magazines), prescriptions, eyeglasses, audio and video cassettes, and films are allowed to be pouched in certain quantities. For the appropriate address for pouching personal mail, all personnel must contact their Agency.

Telephone services in Malawi have deteriorated during the last two years and the frequency of faults and telephones remaining out of order for prolonged periods has increased. While a 24-hours direct dialling facility between main centres within the country is available, it is very difficult to get through, particularly during business hours. Direct international dialling service is available to 60 countries, mostly in Europe, North America and Africa. Calls to other countries can be placed through the international operator and are sometimes subject to disruptions and considerable delays.

Telephone charges are high. Telephone connections are now difficult to obtain and the installation cost is K600. The monthly rent is K50.00 and a local call for a duration of three minutes costs K0.60. International calls cost US$ 3.00 per minute to all countries, except neighbouring countries for which the charge is US$ 1.00 per minute. Directly dialled calls are charged per minute and to some countries there is a cheap rate during the night and over week ends. Operator-connected calls are charged for a minimum of 3 minutes and at the standard rate irrespective of the time.

Cellular telephones have been introduced, but the service is also deteriorating. Prices are high at K 9.300 (US $ 600) and, though there are plans to extend the range to cover the whole country, at present they are operational only within and between the main cities: Lilongwe, Blantyre, Zomba and Mzuzu.

Most UN Offices have e-mail systems in operation. Various e-mail service providers offer private connections based on Fidonet technology. In addition, Internet access is expected to be operational early 1998.

Malawi introduced its own decimal currency in February, 1971. The unit of currency is the Malawi Kwacha (K) which is divided into 100 tambala (t). Coins currently in circulation include denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 tambala and one kwacha. One may come across older coins carrying the marking "one shilling" or "one florin". These are still current and correspond to "10 tambala" and "20 tambala" respectively. Notes currently in circulation are in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 kwacha. While there are no restrictions on bringing in foreign currency into the country, the amount of Malawi currency that can be taken out is K200 per traveller.

The present United Nations operational rate of exchange is US$ 1.00 = K 15.20. Since the exchange rate is subject to fluctuation, the recruiting organisation or the Country/Field Office information sheets available at UNDP field offices should be consulted for the current rate.

Malawi uses the metric system. Weights are expressed in kilograms while length measures are specified in metres and centimetres. Road distances are normally depicted in kilometres, though one may come across some remnants of old signs using miles. Traditional markets use a measure of quantity called "khofi/mbale" (brown plate) for loose foods, and fruits and vegetables are sold singly or may be displayed in heaps of five or ten units.

A lot of UN personnel use mail order companies such as Peter Justensen and Samtrex to purchase goods unavailable in Malawi. Samtrex, a South African based company specialises in food, drinks and household goods. Besides products listed in its catalogue, Samtrax will also procure and ship other items when issued with exact description, such as car parts or computers.

Periodicals and Newspapers

There are two daily newspapers - The Daily Times and The Nation - and five or six weekly newspapers of which most are produced by the independent press. Foreign newspapers are received by air mail from Europe and other African countries without much delay, but they have to be specially ordered either at a local book shops or with the publisher or distributor in the country of origin. There are public libraries and reading rooms operated by the National Library Service in the main towns.

Throughout the country the speed limit is 80 km (50 miles) per hour and is lowered to 50 km (30 miles) per hour in townships. Standard international road signs are used and distances are generally indicated in kilometres. Traffic moves on the left hand side of the road, but left-hand drive vehicles are permitted. Front seat belts are obligatory. There is also a Road Tax which varies according to the size of the car. Presently, it is K198 per year for a medium size saloon car.

The law requires all drivers to be insured against third party claims for damage. Insurance coverage can be easily obtained locally. Premiums for comprehensive insurance are very high and before being comprehensively insured a car must be fitted with an approved type of burglar alarm. Insurance is done on the British system with up to 60 per cent discount being allowed on the premium on the basis of the individuals insurance and driving record of which documentary evidence must be submitted. Since there are no strict vehicle fitness requirements, some defective vehicles can be seen plying on the roads. This makes driving hazardous, particularly at night when the lack of street lighting has an adverse effect on visibility.

A valid national driving license is acceptable during the first three months of arrival after which a Malawian Driving License must be obtained. A Malawian Driving License may be obtained by producing a valid national license. Drivers are now required to have the license on their person. There are driving schools in all the main centres. Motorcycles and bicycles are also quite common.

The Government normally provides adequate office space and secretarial services for UN advisors and staff.

Government working hours are from 7:30 a.m. to 12:00 noon and 1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. Monday through Friday. The UN Offices working hours are 7:30 a.m. to 12:00 noon and 1:00 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. Monday through Thursday and 7:30 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. on Friday. There is a skeleton staff on duty on Friday afternoon up to 4:30 p.m.

The UN Offices assist UN personnel in all their official administrative matters from their arrival to their exit formalities on departure. Upon arrival they will assist where possible with hotel reservations, housing, residence permits, customs clearance of shipments, official transportation for newly arrived personnel, banking arrangements and vehicle registration. Assistance will also be given in emergency situations such as medical evacuations. Other services offered are for example visas for travel abroad and security advice. The UNDP office also maintains a small library with newspapers, periodicals and UN publications, in addition to a collection of UN films and videos.

Since the early 1970s, Government offices have been gradually transferred from Zomba and Blantyre to Capital City, Lilongwe. All ministries are based in Lilongwe, but some Government departments and organisations have remained in Zomba in Blantyre.

The Headquarters of the following main Departments are based in Blantyre/Limbe: Judicial, Immigration, Information, Post and Telecommunications, Income Tax and Customs and Excise. The Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC), the Malawi Development Corporation, Malawi Correspondence School, Malawi Export Promotion Council, Government Loans Board and the Plant and Vehicle Hire Organisation of the Ministry of Public Works are also based in Blantyre.

The main offices based in Zomba are the National Statistical Office, the University of Malawi, Printing and Stationery Departments, National Archives, Geological Survey and Parliament.

2. Ambulance/Hospitals:

Blantyre/Limbe: 630 333

Lilongwe: 721 555/721 133

Mzuzu: 332-299

Zomba: 523 266/522 274

3. Airports:

Lilongwe International Airport 760 266/760311

Chileka Airport, Blantyre 694 322

Mzuzu Airport 332 666

4. Hotels:

Capital Hotel, Lilongwe 783 388

Lilongwe Hotel, Lilongwe 740 488

Mount Soche Hotel, Blantyre 620 588

Ryalls Hotel, Blantyre 620 955

Mzuzu Hotel 332 622/332 515

Ku Chawe Inn, Zomba 522 342

Club Makokola, Mangochi 584 244

5. Public utilities:

Electricity (ESCOM):

Blantyre 636 000

Lilongwe 744 166

Mzuzu 332 011

Zomba 522 236

Water:

Blantyre 672 000

Lilongwe 744 366

Mzuzu 332 552

Zomba 522 766

1. Briggs, Philip - Guide to Malawi, (Bradt Publications, 1996).

3. Economist Intelligence Unit - Malawi : Country Profile 1995-96, (EIU, 1996).

4. Johnston, Frank and Garland, Vera - Malawi - Lake of Stars, (Central African Limited, 1993)

5. Lwanda, John Lloyd - Kamuzu Banda of Malawi: A study in promise, power and paralysis, (Dudu Nsomba Publications, Glasgow, 1993).

8. Maurel, Martine - Visitors' Guide to Malawi, (Southern Book Publishers, 2nd ed. 1995)

4 Expected date of arrival in Malawi: .. /.. / (year/month)

5 Expected duration of stay: .. / .. (years/months)

10 Language proficiency: (state: excellent/good/fair)